Genu varum (bowlegs) and genu valgum (knock-knees) are common knee deformities in children that often resolve naturally as they grow. Genu Varum (Bowlegs): In this condition, the knees are apart while the feet and ankles are together, creating an outward curve. It’s typical in infants and toddlers (1-3 years old) and usually improves by age 3 or 4. If severe or persistent, orthotics or braces may be used to support proper alignment and guide bone growth. Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees): Here, the knees touch but the feet are apart. It is common in children aged 3-5 and typically corrects itself over time. If it persists, orthotics or braces may be used to improve alignment. Orthotics and Braces: Orthotics are shoe inserts that correct foot misalignment, potentially improving knee positioning. Braces or splints may be used in severe cases to guide proper bone growth. Braces: In more severe cases of genu varum or genu valgum, braces or splints might be used to help guide the bones to grow in the correct position. These devices are typically used when there's a concern about the condition not self-correcting over time. Braces may be worn during activities to promote proper alignment during movement.

A forefoot ulcer is a wound or sore that develops on the ball of the foot, typically as a result of prolonged pressure or friction on the area. Forefoot ulcers can be painful and may take a long time to heal, especially in individuals with poor circulation or diabetes. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of a forefoot ulcer, including: Prolonged pressure on the ball of the foot due to standing or walking for extended periods of time Friction from ill-fitting shoes or socks Poor circulation, which can lead to slow healing and an increased risk of infection Diabetes, which can cause nerve damage and reduce sensation in the feet, making it more difficult to detect and treat ulcers Treatment for a forefoot ulcer typically involves relieving pressure on the affected area and keeping the wound clean and protected. This may involve the use of specialized dressings, pressure-relieving devices, and wound care techniques. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or correct underlying structural problems in the foot or ankle. Prevention is key in avoiding forefoot ulcers. This can involve regular foot inspections, wearing well-fitting shoes, and maintaining good blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes.

A heel ulcer is an open sore that develops on the skin of the heel, typically as a result of prolonged pressure or friction on the area. Heel ulcers can be painful and may take a long time to heal, especially in individuals with poor circulation or diabetes. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of a heel ulcer, including: Prolonged pressure on the heel due to immobility or sitting or lying down for extended periods of time Friction from ill-fitting shoes or socks Poor circulation, which can lead to slow healing and an increased risk of infection Diabetes, which can cause nerve damage and reduce sensation in the feet, making it more difficult to detect and treat ulcers Treatment for a heel ulcer typically involves relieving pressure on the affected area and keeping the wound clean and protected. This may involve the use of specialized dressings, pressure-relieving devices, and wound care techniques. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or correct underlying structural problems in the foot or ankle. Prevention is key in avoiding heel ulcers. This can involve regular foot inspections, wearing well-fitting shoes, and maintaining good blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes.

HKAFO  The term HKAFO is an acronym that stands for hipknee-ankle-foot-orthosis and describes the part of the body that this device encompasses. This device is basically a KAFO with the addition of a hip joint and pelvic section.  The addition of the hip joint and pelvic section provides control to selected hip motions. These selected motions about the hip are front to back, side to side, and rotation. One reason the hip section is added to a KAFO is to reduce or minimize the risk of the hip moving out of proper position or dislocating.  Another common reason is to stabilize the hip and lower spine in cases where the patient is weak or paralyzed. One common application of HKAFO is RGO, or, reciprocal gait orthosis, which helps move one hip upon moving the other hip and encouraging a normal gait.

KAFO with Offset Knee Joint drop lock type  A knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) consists of a plastic AFO or an AFO with metal uprights, a mechanical knee joint, and a plastic thigh cuff or 2 metal thigh bands. KAFO’s can be used in quadriceps paralysis or weakness to maintain knee stability and control flexible genu valgum or varum.  KAFO’s are also used to limit the weight bearing of the thigh, leg, and foot with quadrilateral or ischial containment brim. A KAFO is more difficult to don and doff than an AFO, so it is not recommended for patients who have moderate-to-severe cognitive dysfunction.  The most common causes of muscle weakness include: -Poliomyelitis -Muscular Dystrophy -Multiple Sclerosis -Spinal cord injury

AFO WITHOUT JOINT:  Ankle foot orthoses AFOs are external biomechanical devices utilized on lower limbs to stabilize the joints, improve the gait and physical functioning of the affected lower limb. AFO is used as supportive devices and aid for ambulation through different gait stages by providing foot clearance, used to limit or assist ankle and foot ROM like; dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, improve balance, decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.  They are found in different types and different materials and can be modified according to the use and the development of the person if it is used for children. They made from thermoformed plastic material that enables to add modification and adjustments. AFOs are used as night splints to prevent contractures in some cases, patients with stroke, and other neurological conditions such as SCI and children with cerebral palsy.